2011 Nobel Prizes

The 2011 winners of the Nobel prizes in physics and physiology or medicine have been announced. The physics prize goes to Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess for their research on a specific class of supernovae, which turned out to be unexpectedly dim, indicating that the universe’s expansion is accelerating. The prize in medicine was awarded to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann, and Ralph M. Steinman for their work on the immune system. More specifically, the discovery of Toll-like receptors, which are receptors immune system cells use to recognize molecules on the surfaces of microbes, so as to activate the body’s defenses when harmful microbes are found; and for the discovery of dendritic cells, cells that activate T lymphocytes, which are the immune system’s “memory” (they’re the reason you can get immune, or at least resistant to diseases you’ve been exposed to before).

(Source: science)

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